Man Vs Nature Conflicts

Humankind's advancement, especially since the mid-nineteenth century, has been to a great extent the aftereffect of our capacity to get and utilize what planet Earth brings to the table. By and large, the food we eat, the wood we cut, and the water we attract sums to an amazing 33% to one-portion of worldwide biological system creation. In any case, people are a piece of nature, and like each different species on the planet, we rely on solid environments for our endurance. Nature gives us basics like clean water, food, meds, even recreational retreats.Intact biological systems likewise help control our climate and atmosphere. Yet, these frameworks are incredibly delicate, and we're just presently starting to comprehend the horde associations and interdependencies that support them. What's more, we realize that once they are gone, there are no substitutions. Changing our conduct and needs to safeguard these Earth's environments will be neither simple nor reasonable. In any case, on th e off chance that we are to take care of, dress, and care for ourselves into the future, making intense strides will be fundamental. . Man-Nature interactionMan and nature communicate persuasively so that, as society creates, man will in general become less subject to nature legitimately, while by implication his reliance develops. This is reasonable. While he is becoming more acquainted with increasingly more about nature, and on this premise changing it, labor over nature logically increments, yet in a similar procedure, man comes into increasingly broad and significant contact with nature, bringing into the circle of his action developing amounts of issue, vitality and information.Why precisely do we people have such an unfathomably huge effect on different species and the normal world? We are novel among creature species in that we endure and imitate in a wide assortment of situations through social adjustments. Conversely, different species are fundamentally ready to endure and duplicate because of organic adjustments that outcome from ages of common determination and natural development. The social adjustments of people have permitted them to colonize almost every biological system type on Earth. What's more, social developments have permitted the human populace to develop exponentially for millennia.Such continued populace development is unmatched by some other species on the planet. The number of inhabitants in a run of the mill species develops until it arrives at the conveying limit of its condition, at that point levels off or decreases. At the end of the day, it develops until it is completely using the accessible assets, for example, food and space. Now systems, for example, infection and starvation shield the populace from proceeding to develop. In any case, we people have reacted to asset shortage with social practices and advancements that expansion the accessibility of resources.We raise our food on ranches and live in multi-story high rises, expanding the conveying limit of the earth for people. This development in the end requires yet increasingly social adjustments to build assets, and the modification of the regular habitat and the pace of social advancement is quickened. At present the worldwide human populace is sufficiently huge and the advancements that permit people to control nature are strong enough that human-made modifications the biosphere are causing the eradication of countless untamed life species.If present patterns proceed, there will be a possible accident in the human populace that will bring incredible affliction and cause broad ecological harm. This is the main driver of the cutting edge natural emergency. This arrangements with how we got into the current circumstance from the viewpoint of social associations with untamed life and wild grounds †coflicts strife can be clarified as the battle between two class or gathering. In this paper we can see the distinctions that are a raised among man a nd nature.Since nature from the introduction of earth the nature had a significant pretending in each and every part of living on earth. as man grows gradually by improving step by step the decimation of nature began. Man figured out how to build up the seed which helped both the earth by improving it's greenery and man by his endeavors. Man versus nature struggle happens when a specific character is against natures powers. It is simply the contention among nature, and humankind as we proceed with our tenacious development, combined with our mind-boggling absence of sympathy for some other type of life.A prime case of one such fight is what at present wraths in The Serengeti National Park. Right now, the Tanzanian government, regardless of prior reports despite what might be expected, means to clear the street which stumbles into 50 km of the recreation center. The yearly relocations in this district include mutiple. 5 million creatures, essentially wildebeests and zebras. These yea rly relocations are viewed as one of the extraordinary normal marvels of the world. The clearing of this street would have critical outcomes, both to the relocating crowds and the neighborhood condition itself.The impacts could be destroying to the common equalization all through the zone. The street would bring expanded traffic, more likely than not bringing about huge death toll to the crowds. Be that as it may, as heartbreaking as this would be, it isn't the sole repercussion that would result A. overexploitation The misuse of regular assets began to rise in the nineteenth century as characteristic asset extraction created. During the twentieth century, vitality utilization quickly expanded. Today, about 80% of the world’s vitality utilization is supported by the extraction of petroleum derivatives, which comprises of oil, coal and gas.Another non-inexhaustible asset that is misused by people are Subsoil minerals, for example, valuable metals that are chiefly utilized in t he creation of modern products. Concentrated farming is a case of a method of creation that blocks numerous parts of the regular habitat, for instance the debasement of backwoods in an earthbound environment and water contamination in an oceanic biological system. As the total populace rises and monetary development happens, the consumption of characteristic assets impacted by the impractical extraction of crude materials turns into an expanding concern deforestation.Deforestation, freedom or clearing is the evacuation of a woods or remain of trees where the land is from that point changed over to a non-timberland use. [1] Examples of deforestation incorporate transformation of forestland to homesteads, farms, or urban use. Urbanization (or urbanization) alludes to the expanding number of individuals that live in urban regions. It dominatingly brings about the physical development of urban regions, be it flat or vertical. The United Nations anticipated that half of the total populac e would live in urban regions toward the finish of 2008. [1] By 2050 it is anticipated that 64.1% and 85. 9% of the creating and created world separately will be urbanized.Urbanization is firmly connected to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological procedure of defense. Urbanization can depict a particular condition at a set time, I. e. the extent of all out populace or territory in urban areas or towns, or the term can depict the expansion of this extent after some time. So the term urbanization can speak to the degree of urban advancement comparative with generally speaking populace, or it can speak to the rate at which the urban extent is increasing.MARKET PRESSURES increment in commercialization, escalation and privatization of nearby economies, developing mix of national and worldwide economies, monetary changes allude to showcase pressure. The rundown of such clashes is broad. One needs just turn on the news or read a neighborhood paper to discover accounts of su ch clashes among man and nature. It is difficult to influence one connection in the chain which involves a given situation without bringing about awful implications. Individuals are a definitive exemplification of this damaging potential on the planet.Our infringement upon†¦and in dreadfully numerous occurrences out and out decimation of†¦ different sensitive natural surroundings is all around reported and arrives in an assortment of structures. These include: populace development impinging upon a creatures normal natural surroundings, demolition of the earth itself through contamination of the air, soil and water, interruption of transitory examples, over fishing and chasing, deforestation and poaching. Humanity overall is the single most noteworthy supporter of environmental awkwardness on the planet. Why assets are feeling the squeeze?  · Increase in the advancement of innovation empowering characteristic assets to be removed rapidly and efficiently.E. g. , previously , it could take extended periods of time just to chop down one tree just utilizing saws. Because of expanded innovation, paces of deforestation have extraordinarily expanded  · A quick increment in populace that is presently diminishing. The current number of 7. 132 billion people devour numerous regular assets.  · Cultures of commercialization. Materialistic perspectives lead to the mining of gold and precious stones to create gems, pointless wares for human life or progression.  · Excessive interest regularly prompts clashes because of extreme rivalry. Associations, for example, Global Witness and the United Nations have archived the connection.Non-fair appropriation of resources.CONSEQUENCESThe Holocene elimination, here and there called the Sixth Extinction, is a name proposed to portray the termination occasion of species that has happened during the current Holocene age (since around 10,000 BC). The Holocene eradication incorporates the vanishing of huge well evolved cre atures known as megafauna, beginning somewhere in the range of 9,000 and 13,000 years back, the finish of the last Ice Age. This may have been because of the annihilation of the mammoth that had kept up meadows that became birch woodlands without the mammoths.The new timberland and the subsequent backwoods flames may have incited environmental change. [3] Such vanishings may be the consequence of the multiplication of present day people which prompted environmental change. These eradications, happening close to the Pleistoceneâ€Holocene limit, are here and there alluded to as

Social and Cultural Framing in America Essay Example

Social and Cultural Framing in America Essay Example Social and Cultural Framing in America Paper Social and Cultural Framing in America Paper Paper Topic: Best Worst American Stories Social and Cultural Framing in America People construct a progression of mental channels through natural, social, and social impacts, and they utilize these channels to understand the world. This is called surrounding. Encircling is so powerful in light of the fact that it is a psychological alternate route, individuals are naturally apathetic masterminds, and we don’t like to think excessively or excessively hard. Edges give individuals a speedy and simple approach to process data. Diana Kendall, a human science teacher at Baylor University has concentrated how broad communications has depicted upper, center, working, and neediness classes by how they generalization them in various manners. Instead of giving a significant examination of disparity and demonstrating sensible depictions of life in different social classes, the media either play class contrasts for giggles or hide the issue where no one will think to look with the goal that significant qualifications are rendered invisible† (Kendall 330). The media has made the idea that in the public arena the princely are compensated and the average workers and poor are rebuffed. Television programs like The Simple Life, Life of Luxury, and The Fabulous Life show how financial classes are either played-up or minimalized and utilized for snickers. In a mass-interceded culture, for example, our own, the media don't just mirror society; rather, they help to shape it and to make social perceptions† (Kendall 331). The media obscures the line between what is genuine and what isn't with regards to impression of financial or social class. TVs shows, magazines, and papers disclose to us that the best way to climb on the planet is to distinguish yourself with the rich and amazing and to live â€Å"vicariously† through them. My mom watches Entertainment Tonight and peruses those newspaper magazines, and I continually ask her â€Å"Why Mom? For what reason do you trouble finding out about these individuals that squander their undeserved wealth and get hitched and separated in any event multiple times? † and she just says â€Å"Well I need to know what’s going on in their life, and hear all the gossip†. In any case, WHY?! How does their life influence YOU by any means? The media assaults the center and lower classes with these futile newspaper stories. Diana Kendall clarifies that â€Å"Viewers feel a feeling of closeness with elites, with whom they have next to zero contact with in their day by day lives† (Kendall 332). Non-elites over relate to the rich, in light of the fact that the media discloses to us that these high society individuals are superior to us. In contemporary society, uniformity doesn't exist. In spite of the fact that, media crowds can buy material things that can by one way or another make you equivalent to higher class individuals. Take Paris Hilton, a lady well known for simply being naturally introduced to an affluent family. She has made a huge number of dollars by promoting items to her lower class fans so they can experience her life, so they can be â€Å"Just like Paris†. Not halting at just adornments, Ms. Hilton has chosen to misuse individuals in considerably more manners: Calendars, toys, collections of memoirs, and another book about her dog’s life. In any case, I can’t simply single out Paris Hilton; a great many VIPs do precisely the same thing. These egocentric individuals will slap their name on anything to energize superfluous commercialization among every one of their fans. The media wants to praise the material assets of these superstars, as though avaricious commercialization can satisfy you. Individuals who widely sit in front of the TV have an overstated feeling of how well off most Americans are and how they go through their cash. Likewise, since TV animates consumerist wants, broad review may prompt additionally spending and less sparing. Which bodes well, considering each business suggests that â€Å"YOU NEED THIS† or â€Å"THIS MAKES YOUR LIFE EASIER†. Most media confining about the wealthiest class is certain, going from encircling that delineates individuals from the high society to resemble every other person, to surrounding that depicts them as liberal, caring people. Be that as it may, the most well known kind of encircling for the affluent class is called â€Å"emulation framing†. This kind of confining recommends that individuals in all classes ought to â€Å"reward† themselves with a couple of the advantages of the affluent, for example, purchasing Paris Hilton’s adornments. Numerous grown-ups who attempt to live the â€Å"good life† through attempting to purchase bliss end up in the poor house. When will ordinary individuals understand that they don't have the family assets to simply go off and spend food or house fix cash on frivolities? Numerous reports are indicating that center and common laborers individuals are bringing about monstrous obligation as a result of the wild spending on huge houses, costly vehicles, and different things that are past their financial plan. There is an unmistakable difference between the media confining of the high society to the encircling of the lower classes. Best case scenario the poor are depicted as meriting our compassion just around the special seasons (Thanksgiving, Christmas). Around these occasions, the poor are delineated as individuals who are simply down on their karma, regular workers families who buckle down however just can’t get a break. The most exceedingly terrible sorts of portrayals of the poor are cliché bums, medicate addicts and failures who are poor since they merit it or as a result of their awful choices. â€Å"Episodic Framing† shows a portion of the issues of poor people, yet doesn't connect it to bigger cultural issues, for example, restricted instructive chances, high paces of joblessness, and low paying employments. The media will keep this the state of affairs of portraying rich individuals as great and needy individuals as something to giggle at or an unremarkable measurement. On the off chance that the media business continues holding the regular old edges for class, it will benefit every one of us perusers and watchers to break out of those casings and all the more altogether investigate these issues on our own† (Kendall 346). After Hurricane Katrina, some debacle photos were discharged with some questionable subtitles. The two pictures in the article Loot or Find: Fact or Frame? By C heryl I. Harris and Devon W. Carbado delineate two such pictures. They are both of individuals swimming through chest profound water with provisions, in spite of the fact that the subtitles were unique. One of them was of a dark man conveying Pepsi and a dubious dark sack loaded with things. The subtitle said the dark man was â€Å"looting†. The other picture indicated a white couple swimming through water with provisions, and the subtitle said they were â€Å"finding†. As you can figure, individuals whined that the subtitles going with the pictures were racially intriguing. The way that the majority of the individuals who were not permitted to leave the city and were left to battle for themselves were overwhelmingly dark made some feel that possibly the official forces couldn't have cared less about blacks. We as a whole think about Kanye West’s interesting shout â€Å"George Bush doesn’t care about dark people†. Katrina tested the thought of â€Å"Color Blindness†, that will be, that race isn't a factor by they way we see the world. I accept that race is an immense factor in how a few people see the world. I don’t think anybody is 100% visually challenged, particularly when the media portrays certain races various ways. When a significant number of the dark artists today are depicted as extreme, abrasive hoodlums, what are you, the watcher expected to think? When blacks in the media are demonstrated wearing huge amounts of gold gems, loose garments and conveying firearms, what are you going to think when you see a dark man with loose jeans and adornments strolling around? I don’t believe that each and every individual who looks that way will act a specific way, however looks are an initial introduction. The greater part of the individuals enduring during Katrina were dark and poor, and that brought up a ton of issues. Was it â€Å"†¦a instance of presidential lack of interest? Or on the other hand aversion of, poor dark individuals? Or on the other hand was it†¦the unsurprising outcome of a cataclysmic event that came upon a city that coincidentally was overwhelmingly dark? Was it†¦the aftereffect of a culture of reliance joined with nearby bureaucratic ineptitude? Was race a factor in figuring out who endure and who didn't? Or then again did class give a superior clarification? † (Harris and Carbado 427). The fact of the matter is that during Katrina, blacks were encircled into being pillagers, hoodlums, or simply wild agitators. I feel that one can possibly clarify this sort of fiasco in the event that one was there in a tough situation. The presence of racial edges makes it hard for individuals to stand up to the unpredictable issues of bigotry and racial preferences. Migration. I am genuinely tangled about migration in America today. My father’s side of my family has been in this nation for around 90 years, emigrating over the Atlantic from southern Italy. My mother’s side has been here for around 50 years, originating from a French town in New Brunswick. I can envision that it was so hard to go to another nation that wasn’t attached to outsiders, find a new line of work, a raise a family. It’s still a similar now, Mexican migrants come into the nation searching for work in a to some degree unfriendly condition. I despise that illicit outsiders sneak into this nation, and remove work from Americans. Be that as it may, I’m clashed in light of the fact that America is a country of outsiders, and if this land has a place with anybody its definatly not White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, it’s the Native Americans. In the current presidential race, a few up-and-comers don’t need migrants in the nation. In any case, it’s as a rule those equivalent applicants who give tax reductions to the rich and couldn’t care less about common laborers people or their employments at any rate. The entire psychological oppression alarm with workers is somewhat dubious. I accept that there could be fear monger cells in this nation, yet with essentially these folks bei

The Prevalence of Imperialism in the Modern World Essay Example for Free

The Prevalence of Imperialism in the Modern World Essay Government is a strategy of vanquishing and administering different grounds typically with a rationale of assets or land. Two notable instances of colonialism lie in the film, Avatar, and in the Belgian King Leopold’s misleading victory of the Congo. The two stories both have comparable activities with regards to the vanquishers choices, however it was more unique when it went to the local people’s responses and way they were treated by the â€Å"imperialists† against the danger of dominion. The two models used to help better get what and how Imperialism functions is in genuine history, when Leopold assumed control over the Congo; in the well known film, Avatar. Beginning with Leopold’s rule of the Congo, the principle intention behind Leopold’s crusade was assets. From the outset he needed ivory and afterward he discovered there was increasingly affordable guarantee with the creation of vehicles, and vehicle tires need a great deal of elastic. Leopold set out to oppress the individuals of the Congo to turn into the elastic gatherers for his economy, leveled their towns to the ground for an effectively acquired estate establishment, and paid them sufficiently only to endure. This circumstance in history contrasts from Avatar in light of the fact that the local individuals, the na’vi, were not oppressed. In Avatar, the â€Å"imperialists† in the plot are the people and furthermore need a valuable asset called unobtanium, which additionally give s immense monetary guarantee offering to twenty-million a kilo. In the two models, the â€Å"imperialists† are in it for the assets and could most likely think less about the locals. The distinction between the models mindful and not caring is that in Leopold’s circumstance, he deceives the world saying he is going to enable the locals; to give it human progress with schools and medication, all of which he didn't endeavor. Though in Avatar, the researchers, which were one gathering (or side) of the human â€Å"imperialists† which tried to give them schools, streets and modernization. The pioneer of the people expressed, â€Å"We attempted to give them everything, except they like mud.† The endeavor to give the na’vi the instruction and with the end goal that the people got fizzled, so like Leopold’s rule, they carried the brutal way to deal with the locals of Pandora. Another similitude between the models was that the â€Å"imperialists† had major mechanical progressions over the na’vi and the individuals of the Congo. This permitted them to keep in power (the radicals) and have a preferred position in any uprisings that had happened. Both parties’ â€Å"imperialists† had a similar thought of Darwinism, wherein they think they are superior to another in pretty much every viewpoint. The last part of these models is that Leopold’s men did unfeeling things to the individuals of the Congo, harming them and slaughtering them for sport, while the people in Avatar crushed holy places of the na’vi. The two gatherings may have adopted various strategies while assaulting the loca l people groups, however a similar result happened. This result was substantial crippling. Obliterating their way of life affected the local people’s will to oppose the mechanically predominant settlers. All the above elements gave the colonialists points of interest in certain circumstances yet in addition things to be embarrassed about. Government, when found in history or is utilized in mainstream society, has pretty much similar thought processes, assets. The requirement for assets is clear in the above case of history and in the well known film, Avatar; could be anticipating the drawn out impacts of Imperialism on our reality.

Retrospective Risk Assessment Research Assignment - 275 Words

Retrospective Risk Assessment Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Retrospective risk assessmentStudents nameUniversity nameRetrospective risk assessment is a method that is used to study and analyze the actual event in the society and the near different factors in events .To properly understand and get the reason as to why certain events happen and therefore help to determine what needs to be done so as to come up with the solution of various problems regarding prevention Sof such risk.In most cases, traditionally, retrospective risk assessments were mainly aimed at reducing and balancing the organization the financial risk through working to adversely prevented loose and reduce the risk of the company and to reduce the general liability of the organization liability to the organization. But currently retrospective assessments of risk have majorly used the method of analytical tools and evidence to study of the events and to analyze events critically the current changes in the practiceRetrospective risk assessment in the past was us ed to find the find the major effect that causes the event to occur in a certain way for example in the field oh health care usually a health care. Events occur due to various factor in the health unit varying from the facilities to the competency of the staff members in the health center to the management of the health center; for instance, the situation the effect and action of the nurses at a unit has a major effect in the health Centre.In general, the general relation of all the factor in the whole environment determines the outcome of that entire health system and the reduction of error in the health unit rest in the shoulders of different stakeholders from nurses, patients, management and even the support staff of the health.In a health care system there is a different way in which there can be improvement and way of dealing with different contingencies that may lead to the reduction of the effectiveness of the staff members for example in the case of an emergency the speed at which the nurse response to the patience people matters.Therefore, there should be criteria of dealing with such situation that may lead to the fluctuation of the staff.I such case there May highly affect their services and the flow of the patient to the health system the number of patient in the organization. Currently, the complex health care system is rapidly changing, for instance, a state where the nurse accompanies a patient to the procedure will change the time spent in the unit and in this state, it may cause opportunity for adverse events.The other situation is the degree at which the staff in the facility perform in the process are address. In many occasions for instance the assessment and the treatment of a particular population on should critically analyze how the organization staff members are concern and caring for the population at large Providing them with the required services .the staff should be well train so as to serve in the right place serving right paint at a given time of the occasion .For example as a patient place in a particular unit should be served by the particularly qualified staff of that unit .this is majorly a challenging issue to the most occasion as the organization has to prioritize on the welfare and the education of the staff.Health care involves various stakeholders, a diverse private data collection and the set of public which include billing of document records, medical records which are useful to various entities which include the hospital itself, physician and the health plan in the health center, health care survey system.Usually, various categories of data collection involved for example data on the ethnicity, data on the race, and through this data the enrollment of the patients can be easily studied and analyzed by various experts and hence a plan and the future of the health care can be determined and plan well. Majorly poor data collection leads to poor plan hence the collection of data should be carried out carefully so as to help the expert analyze various issues in the organization with the most advanced manner possible. There should be a need of for better analysis of the data of the race-ethnicity and language data within the healthcare system.A collection of data historically has limitation but for data that as that was not intended for quality and improvement purpose of the and the analysis so as to enable accuracy and compliance with the law of the society. Also, there hospital data collection practice is less than the systematic as the categories that are collected vary as others are less effective compared to the others.For this reason, when they can compare to the number of people who are insured /, there is a relatively a smaller number of the people who are insured and benefit from the facilityHospitals are prone to face difficulties that are associated when the required and accurate data and recording of the information concerning the quality and using these recorded data for quality enhancement and minimization of the quality of the data. National Public Health and Hospitals Institute (NPHHI) through its survey asked hospitals to record and collect that collected record for race and ethnicity data and record whether they used the data verify and compare the quality of care and service provided.Usually, various categories of data collection are involved for example data on the ethnicity, data on the race, and through this data and the future of the health care can be determined and plan well. Majorly poor data collection leads to poor plan hence the collection of data should be carried out carefully so as to help the expert analyze various issues in the organization with the most advanced manner possible. (Barry 2000)Retrospective assessment of risk has various advantages compared to prospective the and there is an occasion when its preferred to be used for instance whi...

The Philosophical Approaches of Kants Deontology and...

In the 1997 film Extreme Measures a young British doctor, Guy Luthan, who is serving a residency in a New York hospital, is faced with some difficult moral and professional dilemmas. This film used Dr. Luthans dilemmas, which dealt with these sensitive issues of doing what is right regardless of the consequences involved, as well as questions involving scientific advancement and experimentation. How far can medicine go in the name of progress or helping humanity? Dr. Luthan discovers that homeless people were being used as guinea pigs in experimental research for the good of humanity. Using the philosophical approaches of Kants Deontology and Mills Utilitarianism, I will present the ethical parameters of Dr. Luthans dilemmas and how†¦show more content†¦He believes that we should never treat a rational being as merely a means to an end, but respect for all individuals; that they are unique and should be respected as a person, never to be sold out to the happiness of the majority. Rosenstand states Kant human beings and their bodies are not commodities to be used for someone elses purpose, even if that purpose may be the greater good and if the way to produce the most utility is to perform an act that violates the rights of a few, than it is morally right to perform that act, but shouldnt individuals rights be respected even if violating them would do more good for society as a whole? The homeless people did not volunteer for these experiments and were killed. Their rights were not respected, even though this research may ultimately provide a cure for spin al cord regeneration. Although I realize, especially being a nurse, that this is currently a much-heated ongoing debate in the medical field and I feel this is an area of much disregard for peoples rights. Kants deontological moral theory also claims that the right action in any given situation is determined by the categorical imperative, which provides a formulation by which we can apply our human reason to determine the right and rational thing to do, which is our duty to do it. This imperative applies to all rational beings independent of their desires and that reason tells us to follow no matter what. By his categorical imperative we

Essay on Legalization of Marijuana - 3113 Words

Legalization of marijuana Morals and politics are what make up the structure of this country, so when an issue receives mixed responses coming from two different points of views it becomes contraversial. The legalization of marijuana is a controversial subject; however, there are many positive arguments to support the idea. First of all, it is very expensive to keep marijuana illegal. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, marijuana has also proven to contain positive medicinal uses for illnesses (Marshall, 67). In addition to its positive use, ignorance keeps the public unaware of the fact that alcohol and cigarettes are far worse. The American government is simply approaching this issue very poorly, because the†¦show more content†¦This is an enormous waste of scarce federal dollars that should be used for other issues. The truth is that there are crimes far more serious than marijuana. The government can certainly focus on serial killers and rapists rather than waste its time tr acking down peaceful hippies who are trying to forget about the harsh realities of the real world. An English philosopher who went by the name of John Stuart Mill wrote On Liberty, an essay, which defended the rights of individuals with freedom devoid of government regulation, provided that they caused no harm to others (78, Marshall). He also expressed how the only reasonable basis for restricting personal habits (such as drinking) was to protect others from injury. (81, Marshall) Accordingly to Mill, the only reason to restrict personal habits, such as drinking, is in order to protect others. When was the last time anybody ever heard of a pothead or a hippie harming anyone? Hippies were the anti-war protestors during the 60s, and potheads are generally peaceful people who just want to smoke marijuana. Therefore, violence would be against their nature. When the framers of the constitution finally ratified the document, it included certain rights, which form the backbone of this country. The right to privacy is a basic human right, which is included within the constitution. Two score and five years before that, the Declaration of Independence guaranteedShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drugRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 PagesBalyuk March 8, 2016 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has a few different names that are commonly used in today’s society including weed and cannabis. Weed is smoked with joints, bongs, or pipes. Marijuana can also be mixed with foods usually brownies, cookies, and candy which are called edibles. The main chemical responsible for the high feeling is called THC but marijuana also contains over 500 chemicals. The chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds. â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagescurrent prohibition on marijuana reforms has put the United States in a similar situation. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. 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Multi-User Resource Allocation Techniques

Question: Discuss about the Design of Multi-User Resource Allocation Techniques for Uplink of LTE-Advanced. Answer: Evolution of LTE-Advanced Systems Scope Communication is one of the vast changing and demanding part of science. The evaluation of the fourth generation mobile communication system aimed at performance and efficiency in the high mobility environment. LTE-Advanced is considered as one of the 4G technologies. LTE advanced technology fulfill the service demands of multiuser heterogeneous traffic environments for high data rate applications. Optimal operations of 4G technology can be achieved by intelligent implementation of the radio resource management layer. LTE systems can be scheduled at three different levels packet level, admission level and class level [1]. Both LTE and LTE advanced technology take the advantage of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Accesses (OFDMA). OFDMA is a multi carrier scheme as it allocates resources to multiple users. OFDM technique is used by OFDMA while SC-FMDA technique is recommended as the 3GPP LTE transmission technique. SC-FMDA is a modified technique as compared to the OFDMA while it almost has the same complexity level as OFDMA has. Basic scheduling and resource allocation is the set of users that determine RB users and set transmit power on each RB. To avoid interference, single user is assigned at single RB. For the purpose of transmission, maximum amount of power is always available at each base station and mobile user [2] [3]. Multi user downlink: Vast theoretical and experimental research has been done on multi user downlink that stated that multiplexing gains are available in downlink multi-user MIMO. Transmit beam forming technique is used to distinguish the user channels and serve multiple users simultaneously [4]. Multi user uplink: A very limited work has been performed on distributed multi-user uplink WLANs. Till yet distributed multi-user uplink are neither standardized nor commercialized for WLANs. Sequential contention is used to enable multiplexing by the Existing WLAN uplink multi-user solutions. The limitation of sequential contention is that it incurs control overhead which ultimately increases the linearly with group size [5]. Requirements LTE systems include cell capacity, latency, mobility, peak data rate, flexibility of the spectrum, provided and extended. The peak data rate must be 100 mbps in downlink and 50 mbps in uplink and bandwidth should be within 20 MHz. The cell capacity must support 200 active users within a bandwidth of 5 Mhz. Latency must be 5ms in user plane and mobility must be optimized to support 0-15 km/h. Spectrum flexibility must be between 1.25 and 20 MHz. Key elements in the LTE systems are wider bandwidth upto 20 MHz, flat IP architecture that supports direct communication between base stations, MIMO supports multiple data transmission and reception and it also increases the signal quality and data reception. The current spectrum flexibility of LTE is between 1.25 and 2.5 MHz. the mode of operation are FDD and TDD. Current peak data rate for downlink is 326.4 mbps and for uplink is 86.4 mbps [6] [7]. A couple of crucial requirements were proposed by Young Yong Kim and it's associated in his paper for the novel and energy efficient internet of Things (IOT) communication scheme. They stated that a large number of communication devices must be supported with low power consumption ability [8]. Critical Review of LTE and LTE Advanced LTE stands for Long Term Evolution network. The main approach to develop the LTE Advanced is to facilitate the fourth generation cellular wireless systems of the mobile services. The most promising techniques used in the current scenario is Device - to- device (D2D) communications as it improve the spectrum utilization and also provides wireless peer to peer services in the LTE advanced. Initially to communicate between user equipments (UEs) one has to establish both Uplink and Downlink communication in the mobile mode passing through the base station but now D2D communication technique facilitate one user equipments to directly converse with the other user equipment by reuse of cellular resources. Basically two major challenges are faced by the users while enabling D2D communication technique in a cellular network. The first challenge is related to the quality of service of the D2D communication technique as minimum quality of service is needed to be guaranteed. The second challenge is related to the performance of the cellular devices as it is affected by the obstruction in the D2D devices caused by the cellular users. To address the above defined challenges ajoint scheme of block scheduling and power control scheme has been introduced forD2D communications in LTE-Advanced networks. This scheme addresses the above challenges and also maximizes the spectrum utilization [9]. Literature Review In past years mobile industry has experienced a tremendous growth of subscribers. Growth in number of subscribers has increased demand for the advancement of the current mobile networks. Increase in the number of subscribers has delayed the speed and restricted the bandwidth of various applications such as web browsing, video streaming, video chat, and voice over IP (VoIP) etc. Eventually LTE network has come as the most trusted methods to overcome these problems [10]. LTE is recognized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) with an aim to lower down the latency, deliver high throughout and enhance spectral efficiency with respect to previous 3G networks. 3GPP mobile networks changes shifted the use of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to OFDMA. OFDMA is a powerful way to resolve the ISI problems as it simplifies the channel equalizers. The concept of resource allocation in LTE networks is significant to understand as it includes algorithm for both uplink and downlink scheduling. The first algorithm was designed to work in the downlink. For real time application in LTE networks, downlink algorithm is scheduled in two stages. In the first stage, digital filter theory based on resource allocation mechanism is presented. This is called as moving average scheduler (MAS). This moving average scheduler defines sampling time, amount of data for each real stream to fulfill the requirements of the quality of service of each stream. The second stage is related to the allocation of resources. This stage uses a professional fairness (PF) scheduler. The second algorithm is related to the uplink work and it is dependent on the Genetic Algorithms (GA). This tool is designed especially for handling the complex optimization problems. Genetic Algorithms (GA) is an important tool currently used for resource distribution for the LTE uplink [11]. As per Kwan, Leung and Zhang [12] a novel multiple scheduler improved the overall performance of the LTE networks with increasing co-relation among OFDMA sub-carriers. This shows that in case of large number of users sub-optimal scheduler is more attractive than any other scheduler [12]. El-Hajj and Dawy [13] stated that joint uplink and downlink resource distribution can be performed in OFDMA networks. For this regularization can be done for coupling between downlink and uplink directions. This additional term is beneficial in controlling the resource allocation through minimizing difference between the downlink and uplink rates [13]. Anchora and its associates explored a novel approach of resource allocation in the LTE systems based on the game theory. They explored a cross layer approach where limited amount of information is exchanged by a scheduler and a radio resource to provide both a high throughout and a satisfactory level of equality among flows [14]. Lee, Shin and Lee [15] studied various Uplink multi user selection scheme in a Multicell environment especially for MIMO systems and they proposed an Interference Aware User Selection Scheme (IAUSR) for this system. This scheme works in a distributed manner. The Author has focused on the uplink multiuser MIMO systems in a multicell environment and tried to build up a user selection scheme. For the development of the user selection scheme they proposed two steps. The first step is related to the beam forming vector of each multiple mobile station. In the next step each base station chooses a set of users for serving them at the same time to analyze the multiuser diversity and the interference of neighboring cells on them. The development of user selection scheme is necessary to get the desired link performance. The requirements for the development of multiuser selection scheme are significant to analyze in order to achieve the highest sum rate and to embrace a comparative fairness amo ng the users [15] [16]. Xi and Zoltowski [17] considered transceiver design for uplink multiuser MIMO communications. In transceiver design multiple transmitters choose beam forming at the receiver to access the linear spatial equalizer simultaneously. Authors have investigated the crucial issues in the design of beam forming weights for all the transmitters. They presumed that information related to the state of user channel is available with each of the users. On the basis of the analysis of the design, a class of orthogonal Joint Beam Forming Design Scheme was proposed by the researchers. An Eigen beam forming scheme (Eig-BF) was also proposed by the researchers along with ordered successive interference cancellation minimum mean square error receiver (OSIC-MMSE). Further these two schemes were evaluated with the optimal joint transceiver design to calculate the overall mean square error (MSE). After comparison, the results showed that Eig-BF OSIC-MMSE scheme showed near-optimum performance with much sim pler transmitter design at much lower complexity. The design of the Eig-BF OSIC-MMSE scheme can be implemented in a decentralized way due to efficiency to know its CSI. On the other hand the orthogonal beam forming schemes carry out the straightforward receiver structure at much higher cost [17] [18]. Multiuser access scheme are developed for spectrum sharing system. Primary users can utilize spectrum shared by secondary users under some specific conditions. One condition is that interference at the primary use must be below to the predefined threshold. Basically there are two scheduling schemes to select a user from those who have fulfilled the interference constraints and achieved an up to standard signal to noise ratio level as per the predefined signal to noise ratio level at the secondary base station. The first suggested scheme is for the users who have reported best channel quality. To lighten the high feedback from the users of the first scheme, the second scheme proposed was dependent on the concept of switched diversity. In the second scheme the work of base stations is to scan the users one by one till an appropriate user is found [19]. Simulation of the uplink resource allocation scheme used in LTE-Advanced Figure 1: Simulation of the uplink resource allocation scheme used in LTE-Advanced using Matlab Recent Developments Yaacoub and Dawy [20] described that wireless technologies are continuously advancing the new systems to overcome the growing demands of customers for high speed mobile internet services. OFDMA is one of the technologies which has been chosen as the multiple access scheme. The reason for choosing this scheme is to satisfy the demand for high speed reliable data services. Need for delay sensitive applications along with high speed internet data to play games on mobile and to facilitate video conferencing has been increasing day by day and it has mandated the need for upgrading the state of art OFDMA based wireless communications system with efficient resources allocation schemes. Initially, uplink and downlink were treated independently for resource allocation. Recently, Queue Aware Resource Allocation Schemes are anticipated in this segment for providing delay guarantees for real time services. This scheme has been studied for both uplink and downlink directions independently. Good q uality is required in both the directions to achieve end user satisfaction. When coupling is performed between the downlink and uplink directions in order to determine the quality of service of a particular user, in this situation the problem objective and formulation changes accordingly. For example when a user uses a mobile game application it has a good channel situation in the uplink direction but downlink direction goes in bad channel condition. In this situation the network suffer from bad quality. This situation occurs because data is sent at a very high speed while receiving speed is very low which notably affects the service interactivity [20]. Referneces Dr. Abhijit Mitra, "A Curriculum Development Cell Project Under QIP," Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 2009. Rukhsana Ruby, "Uplink Scheduling And Resource Allocation Schemes For Lte-Advanced Systems That Incorporate Relays Or Carry Heterogeneous Traffic," University of British Columbia, 2015. radio-electronics. (2016) www.radio-electronics.com. [Online]. https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-ofdm-ofdma-scfdma.php Adriana B. Flores, Sadia Quadri, and Edward W. Knightly, "A Scalable Multi-User Uplink for Wi-Fi," Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 2016. Hua Wang, Claudio Rosa, and Klaus I Pedersen, "Radio resource management for uplink carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015. B. Archana and T.P. Surekha, "Resource Allocation in LTE: An Extensive Review on Methods, Challenges and Future Scope ," Communications on Applied Electronics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 2394-4714, 2015. Jeanette Wannstrom. (2013) www.3gpp.org. [Online]. https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced Woojin Ahn, Young Yong Kim, and Ronny Yongho Kim, "An Energy Efficient Multi-User Uplink Transmission Scheme in the Next Generation WLAN for Internet of Things," Yonsei University, 2015. Phond Phunchongharn, Ekram Hossain, and Dong In Kim, "Resource allocation for device-to-device communications underlaying LTE-advanced networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 20, no. 4, 2013. Elias Yaacoub and Zaher Dawy, Resource Allocation in Uplink OFDMA Wireless Systems: Optimal Solutions and Practical Implementations.: WILEY- IEEE Press, 2012. Panagopoulos and D. Athanasios, Handbook of Research on Next Generation Mobile Communication Systems.: IGI Global, 2015. Raymond Kwan, Cyril Leung, and Jie Zhang, "Resource allocation in an LTE cellular communication system," in ICC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Communications, 2009, pp. 3915-3919. A. M. El-Hajj and Z. Dawy, "On optimized joint uplink/downlink resource allocation in OFDMA networks," in ISCC '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2011, pp. 248-253. Luca Anchora, Luca Canzian, Leonardo Badia, and Michele Zorzi, "A Characterization of Resource Allocation in LTE Systems Aimed at Game Theoretical Approaches," 2010. Byong Ok Lee, Oh-Soon Shin, and Kwang Bok Lee, "Distributed user selection scheme for uplink multiuser MIMO systems in a multicell environment," Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012. Robert Schober, Wolfgang Gerstacker, Shahram Zarei, Yongpeng Wu, and Jiayi Zhang, "Massive MIMO Systems," Institute for Digital Communications, 2014. Songnan Xi and Michael D. Zoltowski, "Uplink Multiuser MIMO Transceiver Design with Transmitting Beamforming under Power Constraints," in Military Communications Conference, 2006. M. Kottkamp, A. Roessler, and J. Schlienz, "LTE-Advanced Technology Introduction," 2012. Qaraqe and Marwa, "Uplink Multiuser Scheduling Techniques for Spectrum Sharing Systems," Texas AM University, 2012. Elias Yaacoub and Zaher Dawy, "A Survey on Uplink Resource Allocation in OFDMA Wireless Networks," IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 14, no. 2, 2012.